Revisiting Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoospermia in Male Infertility: An Integrative Ayurvedic Review

Abstract

Male infertility contributes to nearly half of infertility cases worldwide. One of the most clinically significant seminal abnormalities is Oligo-Astheno-Teratozoospermia (OAT), characterized by decreased sperm concentration, reduced motility, and abnormal morphology. Contemporary management largely depends on assisted reproductive technologies; however, these methods frequently bypass the underlying pathophysiological defects. Ayurveda explains male reproductive physiology through the concept of Shukra Dhatu (reproductive tissue responsible for fertility) and describes seminal abnormalities under Shukra-dushti (vitiation of semen). Among these, Ksheena Shukra (quantitative and qualitative depletion of semen) shows conceptual similarity with OAT. The present review evaluates classical Ayurvedic literature and modern biomedical research to explore the correlation between OAT and Shukra-dushti. Literature was retrieved from PubMed, Google Scholar, DHARA, and the AYUSH Research Portal. A total of 86 records were identified, of which 17 studies were included after screening. Evidence suggests that oxidative stress, endocrine dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances play significant roles in OAT pathogenesis. Ayurvedic therapeutic approaches including Shodhana (purificatory therapies), Vajikarana (aphrodisiac therapy), and Rasayana (rejuvenation therapy) aim to restore reproductive physiology and improve semen parameters. Integrating Ayurvedic concepts with modern andrology may provide a comprehensive approach for the management of male infertility.