India’s Role in South Asia’s Geopolitical Architecture

Abstract

India occupies a central position in South Asia’s geopolitical architecture due to its vast territorial size, immense population, growing economic strength  and highly strategic location. As the largest democracy in the world, India plays a pivotal role in shaping regional security, fostering economic integration, and advancing diplomatic relations across diverse platforms. This paper examines India’s multifaceted role in South Asia, highlighting both opportunities and challenges. India’s evolving foreign policy reflects a pragmatic balance between cooperation and competition, particularly in its relations with neighboring states such as Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Sri Lanka. Border disputes, cross-border terrorism, and migration issues pose significant challenges and India continues to emphasize dialogue, confidence-building measures, and regional peacekeeping efforts. At the same time, India’s engagement with global powers like the United States, China, and Russia underscores its ambition to maintain strategic autonomy while contributing to a multipolar world order. Economically, India advocates for regional integration through initiatives such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC). Its leadership in these regional institutions demonstrates a commitment to collective growth, sustainable development, and inclusive prosperity. India’s active participation in addressing transnational issues including climate change, energy security, and maritime cooperation reinforces its image as a responsible stakeholder in global governance. India’s centrality in South Asia lies in its ability to balance national interests with regional responsibilities, positioning itself as both a security provider and a driver of economic progress.