Livelihoods, Income Inequality and Welfare Access among SC, ST and OBC Households in Nuapada District, Odisha: Evidence from a Primary Survey

Abstract

This study examines the livelihood patterns, income levels, and economic disparities among Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in Nuapada district of Odisha, a region characterized by persistent poverty and structural backwardness. Using a primary-data-based descriptive and analytical research design, the study draws on household-level information collected from a sample of 200 households, comprising 70 SC, 70 ST, and 60 OBC households. The analysis focuses on key indicators of economic well-being, including occupational structure, household income, poverty status, land ownership, asset possession, and access to government welfare schemes. The findings reveal marked inter-group disparities in livelihoods and income. ST households emerge as the most economically vulnerable, with the lowest mean income, highest poverty incidence, and greater income inequality, largely due to dependence on subsistence agriculture, forest-based livelihoods, and seasonal migration. SC households also face significant economic constraints arising from widespread landlessness and reliance on agricultural wage labour. In contrast, OBC households demonstrate relatively higher income levels and more diversified livelihood strategies, although a substantial proportion remains vulnerable due to informal employment and low agricultural productivity. The study further finds that government welfare schemes such as MGNREGA, the Public Distribution System, and housing programmes play a crucial role in providing income support and food security at the household level. However, their overall effectiveness is constrained by implementation challenges, limited livelihood diversification, and inadequate convergence of schemes. The study underscores the need for region-specific and social-group-sensitive policy interventions aimed at promoting sustainable livelihoods, reducing income inequality, and ensuring inclusive economic development in backward regions like Nuapada district.