Analysis on Urban Impacts on Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary: Biodiversity, Conservation, and Eco-Tourism

Abstract

Bird sanctuaries serve as critical habitats for avian biodiversity, facilitating both resident and migratory species and maintaining the ecological balance of wetland ecosystems. In India, many such sanctuaries are increasingly threatened by urban expansion. Ranganathittu Bird Sanctuary, also known as the Pakshi Kashi of Karnataka, is situated along the Cauvery River and is one of the most significant wetlands in southern India, recognised as a Ramsar Site. This study examines the urban-induced impacts on the sanctuary’s biodiversity, habitat structure, and water systems. Recent urban development, particularly from the Mysuru region, combined with rising tourism pressures, led to increased habitat disturbance, pollution, and noise impacts. Water level fluctuations resulting from KRS Dam operations further impact breeding and foraging grounds. Field surveys, photographic documentation, and interviews with forest staff reveal a gradual decline in bird populations, fragmentation of habitat zones, and shifts in migratory behaviours. The findings underscore the urgent need for sustainable tourism management, integrated urban planning, and enhanced conservation measures to preserve Ranganathittu’s ecological integrity. The study helps identify immediate actions to balance human use with habitat protection, ensuring the sanctuary’s survival for future generations.